You can't make just one example and then provide a sweeping statement like that. Quantity will not always be overwhelmed by quantity. There are so many if's, buts and whys. Lets get this straight had Hitler not thrown the resources into Stalingrad like he did and instead just had the luwftwaffe bomb the place to the ground while the rest captured Russia... Things would have been very very different. Add in the Russian winter and you see why Quantity was so dangerous in Russia.
Winter causes deaths, the army that is used to that winter, that has equipment designed to survive that winter is going to have less deaths. Add in quantity and now that army suffers even less than a small elite army.
In a meat grinder or a "siege" an army that can throw man after man at the oppossing force will do great damage. They will simple stop soldiers from sleeping, from relaxing and slowly inflict cassualties that will sap moral.
However there are several cases where well equiped, trained and elite troops will hold out and beat more numerous forces indeffinately. The battle of Thernopolie was only won because of one simple fact. The Perssians found the path (Whether people agree it was from betrayal or not really doesn't come into this) and when they did the Spartan's allies assigned to gaurd it broke and ran. Up untill that point Xerces was never going to win. The Perrsians couldn't bring numbers to bear against a superior greek force. The greeks could rotate fighting so that one soldier never got truly tired and they had the best equipment in Greece.
Rorke's Drift, a tiny detachment of troops armed with superior technology and a superior fighting spirit held of an ENTIRE Zulu Wing untill reinforcements arrived. Thats 139 men, of which 35 were already sick and injured. Holding off a Wing and in the process killing 400, with another 100 carried off. I don't know how many wounded. The Brits suffered only 15 dead, 12 seriously wounded of which 2 were mortal. Rorke's Drift should have been wiped off the map. Please remember the Zulu's weren't savages ether but capable and confident soldiers that had themselves overcome an over confident British army days previously that was better equiped than them.
The Defence of outpost Snipe (27th October 1942, second battle of Alamein if you want to look it up) 19 British 6 Pounders were stranded due to unfortunate results. They were however in a hollow depression that allowed them to make a concentrated defence against Rommel's Tank platoons that had not yet discovered. During the ensuring battle(s) all but three of the British 6 pounders were knocked out, although at the end those three only had 3 rounds left each. 1 of the 6 pounders was recovered and the British suffered 75 Cassualties. The Germans lost twenty one tanks, the Italians lost eleven tanks. A further 5 assault guns and another fifteen tanks had been knocked out and then recovered. German loses were never confirmed but believed to have been considerably higher. Thats over 2:1 ratio and less man cassualties despite facing a German Mech devision (i can't remember the number of transports they knocked out).
Once again good training, spirtit and dare i say it, luck. Have shown the Hand over Quality
Finally Trafalgar. The enemy outnumbered the British fleet, they had more soldiers on their ships, more guns on the ships, better guns on the ships. The ships themselves were made of better wood and materials than ours and also had less problems due to not being kept on extended patrol as much. Further more that day was calm and the weather should have allowed the Spannish and French to pummel us on the approach (which they did). They killed our Admiral which should have given them a Serious advantage in the fighting.
However the Tactics developed by Nelson, Collingwood and his other Captains meant that when Nelson died the fleet had Captains capable of acting independently. The Sailors on our ships were capable sea men quick and efficient and the gunnery was much faster. Our Marines were better trained and more disiplined. As a consequence a superior, more heavily armed and manned fleet was severely beaten.
The battle of Britain is another Senario where poorly deployed forces allowed a smaller and better equiped force (we had Radar) to carry the day!
The details about Rorke's Drift and the Defence of Outpost Snipe are from "Last Stand! Famous Battles Against the Odds by Bryan Perrett" and much of what i have said can be confirmed by him (stats and figures) as well as many of my opinions.
If you truly wish to discuss Trafalgar i have a massive selection of books by Mark Adkins, Nicholas Best, Roy Adkins and Arthur Herman on the topic.
I'm not saying that Quantity won't overwhelm Quality. However i am refuting your statement that it ALWAYS will, or even that it OFTEN will. You simply cannot say that.
As to a Peaceful nation having less effective weapons i could refute that with stating the ships used by America against the Royal Navy in the war of Independence. I could state that Greece a relatively peaceful nation for its era had better equiped soldiers than the Perssians. Sure on the most hand a warring nation will have more effective weapons but i doubt it will have more effective technology. At the end of the day an Engineering, Technological country will develop better weapons than one whos not. Regardless of the situation. Perhaps if one has more experience than they other they will fight with those weapons better but thats not the point.
As for that Tau in 40k outshooting the Imperial guard. The average tau has a BS of 3, same as IG. At ranges were the average Tau can outshoot him and hit harder he gets the same number of shots. However a Tau costs 10 points an Imperial gaurd is far cheaper (buy them as squads instead of individuals) Additionally the average IG squad may be equipped with Heavy weapons and Special weapons giving it a large independence, something the Tau do not have.
The Imperial Gaurd have much longer range weaponary than the Tau, Missile launchers are longer range than Missile pods and more versitile (Frag and Krak), Lascannons are longer ranged than Plasma cannons, Fusion blasters and the like. As for Tank mounted weapons. Basalisks provide the Imperial guard with long ranged deadly artillery, either direct or indirect fire (something the Tau don't have), Battle cannons and their varients are as long ranged as Ion cannons and are all Ordnance heavy weapons.
The railgun is a superior weapon for tank killing and mass infantry killing but only Heavy Support options may take this. Seeker missiles are nasty but once again depend on OTHER Tau.
Finally you are likely to have more guard, all of them with more independence than a respective Tau squad and so just as capable as bringing the fight to the Tau.
40K Tau aren't overly shooty. They are a balanced force of Mobility, Team work and Fire power. Used correctly this makes them seem horrendously powerful due to their ability to strike hard and fast in one area with powerful shooting before fading away. However Imperial Guard, Space Marines, Eldar can all easily out shoot Tau armies if they really want to deploy shooting line armies.
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